Endogenous

TNF TNFA TNFSF2

Tumor necrosis factor (Cachectin) (TNF-alpha) (Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 2) (TNF-a) [Cleaved into: Tumor necrosis factor, membrane form (N-terminal fragment) (NTF); Intracellular domain 1 (ICD1); Intracellular domain 2 (ICD2); C-doma

TNF ;
TNFA ;
TNFSF2 ;
Tumor necrosis factor ;
Cachectin ;
TNF-alpha ;
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 2 ;
TNF-a

This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008],

Disease:Cachexia accompanies a variety of diseases, including cancer and infection, and is characterized by general ill health and malnutrition.,Disease:Genetic variations in TNF are associated with susceptibility to hepatitis B virus infection (HBV infection) [MIM:610424]. Approximately one third of all cases of cirrhosis and half of all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma can be attributed to chronic HBV infection. HBV infection may result in subclinical or asymptomatic infection, acute self-limited hepatitis, or fulminant hepatitis requiring liver transplantation.,Disease:Genetic variations in TNF are associated with susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis [MIM:607507]. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that affects approximately 2% of the population. It is characterized by red, scaly skin lesions that are usually found on the scalp, elbows, and knees, and may be associated with severe arthritis. Psoriatic arthritis has been defined as an inflammatory arthritis usually without any rheumatoid factor in serum (seronegative arthritis) associated with psoriasis.,Function:Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation.,online information:The Singapore human mutation and polymorphism database,online information:Tumor necrosis factor alpha entry,PTM:O-glycosylated; glycans contain galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid.,PTM:The membrane form, but not the soluble form, is phosphorylated on serine residues. Dephosphorylation of the membrane form occurs by binding to soluble TNFRSF1A/TNFR1.,PTM:The soluble form derives from the membrane form by proteolytic processing.,similarity:Belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family.,subunit:Homotrimer.,

Membrane

Blood,Peripheral blood leukocyte,Placenta,Prostatic carcinoma,

>>Antifolate resistance ;
>>MAPK signaling pathway ;
>>Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction ;
>>Viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor ;
>>NF-kappa B signaling pathway ;
>>Sphingolipid signaling pathway ;
>>mTOR signaling pathway ;
>>Apoptosis ;
>>Necroptosis ;
>>TGF-beta signaling pathway ;
>>Osteoclast differentiation ;
>>Antigen processing and presentation ;
>>Toll-like receptor signaling pathway ;
>>NOD-like receptor signaling pathway ;
>>RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway ;
>>C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway ;
>>Hematopoietic cell lineage ;
>>Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity ;
>>IL-17 signaling pathway ;
>>T cell receptor signaling pathway ;
>>Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway ;
>>TNF signaling pathway ;
>>Adipocytokine signaling pathway ;
>>Type II diabetes mellitus ;
>>Insulin resistance ;
>>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ;
>>AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications ;
>>Alcoholic liver disease ;
>>Type I diabetes mellitus ;
>>Alzheimer disease ;
>>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ;
>>Prion disease ;
>>Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases ;
>>Pathogenic Escherichia coli infection ;
>>Shigellosis ;
>>Salmonella infection ;
>>Pertussis ;
>>Legionellosis ;
>>Yersinia infection ;
>>Leishmaniasis ;
>>Chagas disease ;
>>African trypanosomiasis ;
>>Malaria ;
>>Toxoplasmosis ;
>>Amoebiasis ;
>>Tuberculosis ;
>>Hepatitis C ;
>>Hepatitis B ;
>>Human cytomegalovirus infection ;
>>Influenza A ;
>>Human papillomavirus infection ;
>>Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection ;
>>Herpes simplex virus 1 infection ;
>>Epstein-Barr virus infection ;
>>Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection ;
>>Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 ;
>>Proteoglycans in cancer ;
>>Asthma ;
>>Inflammatory bowel disease ;
>>Systemic lupus erythematosus ;
>>Rheumatoid arthritis ;
>>Allograft rejection ;
>>Graft-versus-host disease ;
>>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ;
>>Dilated cardiomyopathy ;
>>Lipid and atherosclerosis ;
>>Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis