The cutting-edge progress in lung cancer research has profoundly reshaped our understanding and treatment methods for this complex disease, marking the entry of cancer treatment into a highly personalized and precise era. Driven by molecular biology, scientists have identified a series of key gene mutations that drive the development of lung cancer, such as EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KRAS G12C and others have not only promoted the development of targeted drugs such as osimertinib, crizotinib, and sotorecept, but also made precision medicine a reality, allowing doctors to choose the most suitable treatment plan based on the specific genotype of the patient's tumor. The rise of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, has completely changed the treatment pattern of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. These drugs activate the patient's own immune system to fight against tumors, demonstrating remarkable efficacy. At the same time, the combination therapy strategy combines immunotherapy with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and even radiotherapy, further improving treatment efficacy and prolonging patient survival. In the field of diagnosis, the mature application of liquid biopsy technology, which can achieve early detection and real-time monitoring of lung cancer by analyzing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood samples, is crucial for timely adjustment of treatment plans. In addition, the integration of advanced imaging technology and artificial intelligence assisted diagnosis has improved the accuracy and efficiency of lung cancer diagnosis. The continuous deepening of basic scientific research, such as the analysis of the mechanism of lung cancer occurrence and development, as well as the exploration of the lung cancer microenvironment and immune escape mechanism, provides a theoretical basis for the development of new generation anti-cancer drugs and treatment strategies. At the same time, the attention to the quality of life of lung cancer patients and the construction of a psychological and social support system emphasize the importance of holistic care, ensuring that patients receive proper care at the physiological, psychological, and social levels. The cutting-edge progress in lung cancer research has profoundly reshaped our understanding and treatment methods for this complex disease, marking the entry of cancer treatment into a highly personalized and precise era. Driven by molecular biology, scientists have identified a series of key gene mutations that drive the development of lung cancer, such as EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KRAS G12C and others have not only promoted the development of targeted drugs such as osimertinib, crizotinib, and sotorecept, but also made precision medicine a reality, allowing doctors to choose the most suitable treatment plan based on the specific genotype of the patient's tumor. The rise of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, has completely changed the treatment pattern of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. These drugs activate the patient's own immune system to fight against tumors, demonstrating remarkable efficacy. At the same time, the combination therapy strategy combines immunotherapy with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and even radiotherapy, further improving treatment efficacy and prolonging patient survival. In the field of diagnosis, the mature application of liquid biopsy technology, which can achieve early detection and real-time monitoring of lung cancer by analyzing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood samples, is crucial for timely adjustment of treatment plans. In addition, the integration of advanced imaging technology and artificial intelligence assisted diagnosis has improved the accuracy and efficiency of lung cancer diagnosis. The continuous deepening of basic scientific research, such as the analysis of the mechanism of lung cancer occurrence and development, as well as the exploration of the lung cancer microenvironment and immune escape mechanism, provides a theoretical basis for the development of new generation anti-cancer drugs and treatment strategies. At the same time, the attention to the quality of life of lung cancer patients and the construction of a psychological and social support system emphasize the importance of holistic care, ensuring that patients receive proper care at the physiological, psychological, and social levels. In short, these advances in lung cancer research not only reflect the outstanding achievements of modern medicine, but also foreshadow the infinite possibilities of future cancer treatment. By comprehensively applying multidisciplinary knowledge such as genomics, immunology, imaging technology, and artificial intelligence, precise prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatment of lung cancer can be achieved, thereby significantly improving the quality of life and survival rate of patients.